How The Body Into Shape With Yoga - 963 Words

Morphing Your Body Into Shape With Yoga: How To Really Take The Weight For Good Many things make you gain weight, few things help you take it off. It s time to change your entire outlook. Stop believing in diets, books, fads, pills and potions, and start believing in YOU. It all begins with that little voice inside of you, you know, the one that says You won t succeed this time, either. Science has proven the power of mind over matter and there s no way you will succeed unless you believe in yourself. Unfortunately, your weight is about more than just body image and the desire to look better: Your health depends on it, particularly over the long-term. If appearance only affected the psyche, there would be far fewer heart attacks, cases of diabetes and other weight-related health problems. Get Started Don t over do it, or you re likely to give up early in the process. Find a simple routine you can handle and dedicate the first week to getting accustomed to the process. Your routine is an important appointment you should keep every day; fit it into your schedule and stick to it. For example, a few yoga poses in the morning, a walk on your lunch break and after dinner. This isn t your permanent regimen, it s your warm-up. Also, start thinking about what you eat. You know what isn t good for you, and you know what a sensible portion size is. As you adjust to the new routine of getting regular exercise and changing your mind about the way your body is going toShow MoreRelatedYoga Burn Review On Weight Loss840 Words   |  4 PagesYoga burn Review Introduction It is really devastating to buy fake programs about weight loss. Well, look no further, Yoga burn review is here. This program helps ladies lose weight and get that desired body shape. In addition to all this, you will both look and feel better. It focuses on women’s health. Yoga burn is not easy as it looks. It requires us to have a connection with our body. The reason why people fail when it comes to yoga is because they don’t understand what they have to do. It isRead MoreEssay on Compare Contrast876 Words   |  4 PagesZumba vs Yoga Do you want to reduce your stress, improve your health, and get in shape? Are you unsure of what your options may be? Zumba and yoga are two popular fitness classes that you can take to have fun and get in shape. Choose yoga if you want to increase your flexibility and strength while burning fat, or choose Latin dancing Zumba for more focus on your cardio fitness. They are both beneficial in different ways, physically improving you as well as providing great health benefits. ZumbaRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Yoga Meditation1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe Benefits of Yoga and Meditation In today’s environment, many people are suffering with the stress and anxiety of day to day living and are finding themselves unable to cope with life’s little emergencies. Prescription drugs are on the rise due to the increasing need for people to deal with their stress and anxiety. However, many people are searching for ways to be less stressed and live a happy and healthy life without drugs. If stress and anxiety are getting the best of you, then think aboutRead MoreBikram Yoga and Body Fitness722 Words   |  3 PagesBody fitness is a state asserted to be highly essential in ensuring healthy living. It often realized through regular physical exercises. Yoga is a technique that may be deemed an old means of working out however recently most people adopt its use in as a way of ensuring they stay fit and in shape. For instance, most sports personalities have added yoga to their working out strategies. Similarly actors use the work out approach to ensure they stay in shape. These factors along with myRead MoreThe Between Yoga And Bodybuilding1172 Words   |  5 PagesYoga has many benefits, but few people consider the overlap that exists between yoga and bodybuilding. In truth, the two exercises are more closely connected than many people realize: Both practices focus on improving the human body and, while they might diverge, there are still plenty of exercises and benefits to be found. As a form of exercise, yoga is fantastic for improving vitality, thanks to its focus on improving postures and creating harmony between the body and mind. It s a great practiceRead MoreEmbodiment: The Mind Controlling the Body Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mind, or the effect the body has on the mind. Instead of just the mind controlling how the body works and reacts, the body is thought to influence emotions, one’s psychological state, and other aspects of the mind. 1 History 1.1 Ancient Times Though yoga has been practiced since as early as 1500 BC, it was thought of more of a body-spirit connection until around 200 BC, when it became a focus of those who wanted relief from suffering (5). In 150 BC, the Yoga Sutras was published. It includedRead MoreI Have An Assignment For You710 Words   |  3 PagesAfter more than fifteen years of a steady Ashtanga Yoga practice, I now measure my success in the practice of yoga by how long I’m able to keep my emotional center spacious enough to be genuinely kind. Trust me, it’s almost easy to get on the mat and bend and twist your body in comparison. And it is much harder to maintain a kind and generous heart in the face of adversity and stress. But the real yoga happens off the mat. The purpose of every yoga pose is really to present you with a microcosm ofRead MoreReflective Observation Reflection Paper1698 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents faces as they moved in unison, the flexibility of their bodies, and the quiet, calm voice of the instructor, Nola. As their practice came to an end I observed interactions between students. Smiles of joy appeared on their faces as the conversation came to a roar. Hugs and â€Å"thank you’s† were given as the students trickled out of the room. Before my class started, I took 5 minutes on my mat to meditate and process what I observed and how I wanted to fully experience what I saw in the previous practiceRead MoreYogas Spiritual Path Means to Join Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesThe yogas are active spiritual paths, a way for people to achieve illumination by the Divine Spark within us all. The word yoga literally means â€Å"union† and is related to the English words join and yoke. Through yoga, we â€Å"un wrap† the Divinity within, thereby allowing our true spiritual natures to shine forth ever brighter. There are numerous types of yoga; here is a short explanation of some of the main ones: Jnana yoga is the yoga of wisdom and true knowledge.To know Brahman as ones individualRead MoreThe Need For Mindfulness Practices1562 Words   |  7 Pages The Need for Mindfulness Practices in Our Education System Sharereh Vakili Dastjerd Dr. Weldon PSYC 101 December 09, 2014 â€Æ' Sharereh Vakili Dastjerd Dr. Weldon PSYC 101 09 December, 2014 Need of Meditation and Yoga in Our Education System If you are like millions around the world, you may be frustrated with the state of the education system. A system which leaves us in debt, grants degrees that do not guarantee jobs or happiness, earns us only ordinary jobs that are not fulfilling;

Reflection Of Media Literacy - 962 Words

Mass media, a cultural industry for a large of people, is seen everywhere all across the globe. It is right that people want to know what is going on in the world around them, hence there is no doubt that media literacy have already became an essential skill for everyone’ s life in the ever-changing world. A person who is media literate can clearly describe the role of media in their lives. According to the Center for Media Literacy (CML) definition, media literacy is the ability to understand, analyze, evaluate and participate with our contemporary mass media culture. What I’ve learned from this course make my media literacy change dramatically. First, I am becoming more aware of the pervasiveness of the media in my life. For the first†¦show more content†¦As I get a sense of this chapter, I start to think of some research questions of my own. Considering my own Internet habits, I usually spend more than 10 hours online every day and view various types of onl ine content for studying, working and entertaining. Most of the time, I really enjoy watching the movies and television programs. Also I strongly consider that as the form of cultural industry these media products can affect the emotion and value of audience to a certain degree due to the representation of different races, genders, religions, and sexual orientations. For example, 2 Broke Girls is the popular American television sitcom with heavy use of sexual and racial humor but sometimes the improper speech and deportment would hurt some audience unethically. Actually in all various forms of mass media there are bunch of products which include different style and content of each. In general, media products are created by individuals who make conscious and unconscious choices about what is include and how to present. These decisions are based on the media gatekeepers’ point of view, which will have been shaped by their own opinions, assumptions and biases-as well as the med ia they have been exposed to. It is also worth to consider whether the effects of mass media are because of the existing government policy and system. Considering more inquiry about media effect, I have interviewed one of my friendsShow MoreRelatedReflection About Media Literacy Reflection1416 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Literacy Reflection What was the most useful part of the week for you? Media education is an important aptitude for anybody today, particularly for more youthful ages, who are investing increasingly energy devouring the media. The Kaiser Family Foundation as of late found that people going from 8 to 18 years of age spend a normal of 7 hours and 38 minutes expending media. This is a hour and seventeen minutes longer daily than five years prior, a hop which the Kaiser Family Foundation puts downRead MoreThe Literacy And The Classroom Environment791 Words   |  4 Pagesfosters communication, engagement, and reflection so that the students will be prepared for their future careers and learning. Creating a classroom that fosters reading and writing is one way to engage students while promoting that they reflect on the material and communicate their understanding or misconceptions of the content. In order to form a literacy-rich classroom educators need to increase the amount of time students interact with all forms of print and literacy and the classroom e nvironment isRead MoreApplication Of An Information Literacy Program1735 Words   |  7 Pagesstrong information literacy program is essential when it comes to helping students be able to use information effectively throughout their life. The focus of an information literacy program is not merely to distribute information but should focus on the process of learning. In order to determine if a program will help increase information literacy it is important that we are familiar with the AASL Standards and the State Standards since they are the scope of an information literacy program. TheRead MoreEssay on Technology Is Changing the Mind1421 Words   |  6 Pagesdrags one’s attention away from the task at hand (Carr). In addition, Internet sites seeks to grab our attention, and by shortening passages into quickly glanced at snippets of information, Carr believes that our increased dependency in that form of media and style of skim reading is adversely affecting the way we read printed material. As a result, it becomes much more difficult to sustain focus on reading prose that is long and takes more effort to absorb. Further neuroscience research shows thatRead MoreNational Levels Of Literacy And Numeracy1149 Words   |  5 Pagesstance on a particular topic. The academic register is evidently clear in the text. In particular, there are multiple discourse participants to strongly support the main argument. Register comes together in this article to fight for the equality of literacy and numeracy across all countries. Australia has always held high standards within education, however, recent studies show these standards are declining compared to other countries. Due to a number of reasons, it has been found that we may need toRead MoreThe Biggest Influences On Young Adolescents1192 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs and practices in the context of social relationships, which are primarily influenced by their family upbringing and friends. There are several other factors that contribute to the young adolescents developing their beliefs, such as social media and media in general. The different relationships that adolescents have with their family and family play a considerably important role in the development of their spiritual and religious beliefs, whilst also shape their identities. The survey I producedRead MoreThe Importance Of Media Literacy1737 Words   |  7 PagesIndeed, the pervasiveness of media in its abundant forms in contemporary US culture is undeniable. Almost everywhere one looks, one can find forms of media; a magazine at a doctor’s office, a billboard alongside a freeway, a painting at an art gallery, a performance on television or on stage. Media, undeniably, is ubiquitous. However, in all the innumerous forms media comes to us in, every one of these forms is created for a single purpose; to communicate an idea or message. Thus, it the individual’sRead MoreEssay about The Negative Effect of Television on American Children988 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 20th century, the literacy rate in America has begun to fall at an alarming rate. A factor contributing to the problems in the literacy rate includes children’s exposure to television which has resulted in a shortened attention span during other activities. Today, c hildren are less active because of technology such as television and video gaming and, as a result more children are suffering from obesity. Television has been in American Society since 1920’s and has gradually been spreadingRead MoreHow Does Social Media Affect The Fashion Industry?1403 Words   |  6 PagesTO WHAT EXTENT DOES SOCIAL MEDIA AFFECT THE FASHION INDUSTRY? Summary: The essence of my Research Project was to determine the effectiveness of using social media in the fashion industry. It was informed by my interest in social media and fashion. It attempts to analyze the success of social media for emerging brands. The focus of this investigation was further refined by an analysis of the current success of fashion across a range of social media sites. I recognized that my main research wouldRead MoreThe Benefits of Teaching Critical Media Literacy Essay examples2175 Words   |  9 Pageslive in an ever-changing world. Our society evolves each day, and in doing so renders certain standards and paradigms obsolete. The field of communications serves as an example of this evolution. For a long time, this sector was dominated by print media. Newspapers, magazines, and letters functioned as the primary methods of information delivery. Within recent years, however, the field of communications has experienced the emergence of a new phenomenon: the inte rnet. The internet has altered greatly

Use of Tax Havens by MNCs-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: The Panama Papers exposed the use of tax havens by many Multinational Corporations (MNCs). Is MNC Tax Minimisation unethical, an issue that governments should be taking action on, or legitimate conduct? Critically discuss. Answer: Is MNC Tax Minimization unethical, an issue that governments should be taking action on, or legitimate conduct MNC Tax Minimization is unethical and a very major issue that the government should take action on. Taxes are minimized by making an investments that easily postpones the amounts payable and assets investments which have relatively very low tax rates, income that is divided into spouse or children and the changes that take place in the nature of income or the way the business is managed and organized. One can save minimize or save taxes by controlling investment, employment income, and bonuses very carefully but it is considered to be unethical (Empirical, 2016). Avoiding tax may be legal, but can it ever be ethical As a part of a better governance, there are several multi-national companies that seeks to reduce or minimize their tax liability through tax planning which helps to make most of the tools and mechanisms in the organization and the government makes these tax available for some specific purposes like allowances, deductions, rebates, exemptions, and many more. Tax planning is nothing but a behavior that is compliant in nature but still there is a grey area between this and tax avoidance. Avoiding tax includes financial and other instruments and arrangements tax evasion is defined as the illegal payment of tax which is unethical too. Bending the rules and regulation of the tax is not ethical and perhaps also not the spirit of the law too. A company or any business must comply with the law and minimize the tax to be paid to the government but when it comes to ethics, it is unethical (Eikenberry, 2016). When government started spending cuts, then it had a major impact on the lives of people in the daily basis. A company cannot minimize or avoid to pay their fair shares of taxes because it will create a discrimination for those who pays taxes and for those who dont (Wealth management advisors, 2015). In 2012, a survey was carried out by Ipsos MORI in IBE. According to this survey, tax minimization was one of the second most important ethical issue that every business need to address. Minimizing tax is minimizing social obligation. Tax minimization helps a company to act as vulnerably and create greed and selfishness and also creates the damage in the reputation and decrement in the public trust (Edmond, 2014).Employees and the cust0oemrs will gradually loose the interest in the company because there will exist the selfish nature behind every mission and vision set by the company. A company will set the desired objectives with the view to fulfil the personal motive rather than focusing on the overall performance of the company. For example, Starbucks and Amazon have faced several issue regarding the tax policies and were boycotted and vilified. They were not capable to create transparency and accuracy for the transaction of all the activities that were carried out by them (Hill, 2 013). When a company starts paying a fair amount of tax to the place where they actually operate is very social and responsible task. It includes generating funds for the public services like education sector, infrastructure, and health care management. These all comes under the public services which helps the company to generate benefits either directly or indirectly. Avoiding tax or minimizing it has been strongly branded by many immoral and unethical practices which undermines the integrity of the tax system (Harvey, 2012). Companies argue that the responsibility to maximize the value that the company deliver to their shareholders like keeping tax costs minimum is legal but the way they minimize the tax is not ethical. Today company have started using several unethical ways to minimize the forms of taxes that needs to be paid to the government. Apart from the corporation tax, businesses must be praised and acknowledged for contributing to the economy because paying tax to the government will automatically boost the economic condition of the country and also helps the country to increase its national income. In the country like UK, people pay PAYE, i.e. national insurance contributions and business rates and in other countries, people contribute through the way of agreements in order to pay infrastructure costs (Klassen, 2017). Paying a fair share Today several multinational companies are operating successfully in the UK, are not paying corporation tax which is illegal as well as unethical too. Corporation tax is defined as the tax which are payable on profits. So that makes clear that if a company does not make any profits, it should not have to pay any corporation tax and similarly if a company earns profits, it must be liable to pay the corporation tax. The main issue regarding corporate tax is whether the profit calculated is done with accuracy and transparency or not (Neuman, 2014). It must be calculated properly. It is quite plausible that when a company is highly involved in high sales but does not bother to pay any tax, it can be stated that the company may not be making any profits. But it is very important to know how a company calculates the profits in order to pay taxes. According to HMRC, tax gap figure is estimated. Tax gap figure is the amount of difference corporation tax collected actually and the amount that should be collected if the companies is compiled with the spirit of law. . According to a 2011 Action Aid report, 98 of FTSE100 companies use tax havens to reduce their corporate tax bills. The citizens in the country expects that the business must pay the fair share of tax but the fair amount of tax is still a subjective because it is very difficult what amount of fair tax a business needs to pay. Fair amount of tax differs from the company to company and country to country as well (Fair share, 2017). One company may feel the particular amount of tax paid to be fair while the same may not be considered to be fair for other companies. So what matters is the amount paid must be ethical. In 2008, HMRC stated that we want to make sure that the burden of tax does not fall unfairly on taxpayers who play by the rules and pay their fair share". But still the definition of fair is not defined well. Need for certainty In UK, GAAR was proposed and introduced (General Anti-Avoidance Rule). It was introduced to provide clarity on the definition of tax avoidance which includes the clarity of what is acceptable and what not. Several tax schemes that is abusive and morally wrong must be prevented by the companies. Every businesses knows about their tax bills that they need to pay and then they plan their strategies and make investments accordingly (Farok, 2016). In Australia, the tax industry must have a clear view when introducing new tax avoidance scheme because this makes a clear representation and clarification of what is fair and what is unfair. Every tax policies that is implemented must be underpinned by the ethical principles of accountability, accuracy and transparency. All the arrangement regarding tax planning which goes beyond the policy intent of the laws and are highly involved to eradicate and exploit the tax system are not ethical at all. But it can be strongly argued that corporations are piggy here. If a company start maximizing their profits for shareholders and other institutional investors then it will automatically benefit the society and the country as well (Lugna, 2013). In Britain, 70% of the people living there dont want that there money should be invested in such business which is unethical and 65% of them think and state that corporate tax avoidance is unethical and the government must take strict action on it. Corporate tax minimization is an unethical investment platform and the government must impose penalties on those multinational companies (Koh, 2016). Ensuring businesses to pay a fair return It is time to start paying more attention towards the place where the money is invested. Several investment firms who are highly involved in social responsibilities state that they do not refer nay account of companies tax practices when they decide to invest (Miller, 2014).The companies who pay more tax but government must make sure that all the contributions must give the fair return to society. Instead of hiding the business case for tax avoidance, a business must be transparent about the planning regarding taxes. Every companies and government must pay more attentions in order to communicate their positions on the issue and the interpretation of the law. This will create and generate public trust and bring more flexibility, accuracy, transparency and certainty for business (Lord, 2017). There are several tax avoidance methods which are legal but unethical. They are legal only because of the provisions used by them and the loopholes granted by their respective countries. Exemption of Foreign Affiliate Income Many nations that are advanced and are typically tax multinational home-country operations, basically do not additionally tax profits of the companys foreign affiliates. While other countries including the US, treat the worldwide income of multinationals as taxable. US tax on US multinationals foreign affiliate profits can be deferred indefinitely (perhaps forever) by the simple expedient of not remitting those profits back to the US. Round tripping and evading currency convertibility restriction Bermuda, is a low tax country can be used to incorporate shell companies. Those companies basically serve two major functions: They can hold the patent and brand right of the MNCs and they can serve as a licensor in order to collect the royalties that are charged to other affiliates globally. It aims at reducing the taxes because each and every affiliate will claim a deduction in their country for the royalties paid while the royalties collect tax free in the tax haven. Thus, it can be clearly stated from the above statements that minimization of tax in the MNC is legal but unethical. There are several ways by which tax can be minimized but it should be done with accuracy and transparency. A company must show all the activities that it is involved in and all the activities further must be analyzed accordingly. References Edmond Financial group, 2014, Tax Minimization Strategies, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://www.efgi.com/personal/tax/art.html Eikenberry, 2016, Tax Minimization Planning, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://www.eikenberryretirement.com/tax-minimization-planning.html Empirical wealth management, 2016, Tax Planning and Minimization Strategies, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://www.empirical.net/tax-minimization/ Fair share, 2017, Corporate tax dodging, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://www.fairshareonline.org/make-corporations-pay-their-fair-share Farok. J, 2016, Tax Avoidance by Multinational Companies: Methods, Policies, andEthics, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://globalbusiness.blog/2016/05/05/tax-avoidance-by-multinational-companies-methods-policies-and-ethics/ Harvey .C, 2012, Fair rate of return, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Fair+Return Hill, M.D., Kubick, T.R., Lockhart, G.B. and Wan, H., 2013. The effectiveness and valuation of political tax minimization. Journal of Banking Finance, 37(8), pp.2836-2849. Klassen, K.J., Lisowsky, P. and Mescall, D., 2017. Transfer pricing: Strategies, practices, and tax minimization. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(1), pp.455-493. Koh. S, 2016, paying your fair share of taxes: Prof Ho on what fair means, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/finance/prof/paying-fair-share-taxes-prof-ho-fair-means/ Lord. N, 2017, Tax avoidance might be legal but its time we seriously questioned itsethics, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://theconversation.com/tax-avoidance-might-be-legal-but-its-time-we-seriously-questioned-its-ethics-87133 Lugna, 2013, avoiding tax may be legal, but can it ever be ethical? , viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/avoiding-tax-legal-but-ever-ethical Miller. A, 2014, Are the rich paying their fair share of taxes, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/Presentations/HM%20Presentation%20241017.pdf Neuman, S., 2014. Effective Tax Strategies: It's Not Just Minimization. Wealth management advisors, 2015, tax minimization strategies, viewed on 7th February, 2018. Available at: https://www.wmallc.com/what/tax-minimization/

Young Generations free essay sample

In fact in developed countries  we have too many deaths among youngsters caused by car | | |accidents, and major causes of deaths among adults caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. | |conclusion |To sum up, talking about disasters does not  inspire confidence in  people. The best way to deal with| | |disasters is to inform people about the causes and possibility a disaster might occur to them. | Implementation TV news and broadsheets give too much attention to disasters and wars. This happens mainly because newspapers are eager to sell  as many copies as possible. Beside news readers and TV editors are more interested in topping the audience score to earn money from advertising rather then giving the correct information. If we talk too much about disasters and natural catastrophes people become anxious. In fact peoples minds are not able to discern between near or remote threats and distinguish between real or false risks. As a consequence giving general information about natural catastrophes like hurricanes and floods, which usually happen in tropical areas, or like earthquakes, which generally occur along geologic faults, can generate unjustified fears. We will write a custom essay sample on Young Generations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A second point is that governments should concentrate their resources  on educating people about the risksthey face nearer their homes. In fact in developed countries  we have too many deaths among youngsters caused by car accidents, and deaths among adults caused by unhealthy lifestyles. Moreover governments should focus their actions on solving issues that involve youths, like drug addiction and alcohol abuse. The best way to address  these  problems is preventing them from  starting, that is educating the young generations. In my opinion, the best place for educating children about the risks of using drugs are families. Our governments should promote campaign of information over drug addictions that takes flyers and brochures into every house, as the same as our politicians do when they want our vote. To sum up, talking about  disasters does not  inspire confidence in  people. The best way to deal with disasters is to inform people about the causes that generate a disaster and the possibility that one might occur to them.

Global Warming and Acid Rain Essay Example

Global Warming and Acid Rain Essay Example Global Warming and Acid Rain Paper Global Warming and Acid Rain Paper Light Energy is rapped and used to convert carbon dioxide, water, and other minerals into oxygen and energy rich organic compounds. Carbon Dioxide is emitted into the air as humans exhale, burn fossil fuels for energy, and deforest the planet. Every year humans add over 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by these processes, and it is up thirty percent since 1750. An isolated test at Manna Lola in Hawaii revealed more than a 12% (316 pump in 1959 to 360 pump in 1 996) increase in mean annual concentration of carbon dioxide. Manna Lola, located in Hawaii, is the worlds largest volcano at 40,000 cubic km and 4,170 meters above sea level. Ice core samples have also shown a dramatic increase in carbon dioxide levels. Drilling deep into glaciers and polar ice caps and taking out samples of ice, then melting the ice and capturing the gas has shown an increase in carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 100 years. Ice core samples are essentially drilling through time, because the deeper the ice is, the older the ice is. In 1996, carbon dioxide world emissions increased by 2. 8%. The U. S. Reported a 3. 3% increase in CO concentrations. : The U. S. Continues to emit more than any other country in the world, accounting for 25% of all emissions. The European Union had an increase of 2. 2%, much larger than a small increase of 1 in 1995. Eastern Europe had a decreasing rate of -2. 4%. Chinas increase in 1996 was 4. 7%. Fossil Fuels were created chiefly by the decay of plants from millions of years ago. We use coal, oil and natural gas to generate electricity, heat our homes, power our factories and run Our cars. These fossil fuels contain carbon, and when they are burned, they combine with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide. The two atoms of oxygen add to the total weight. The World Energy Council reported that global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels rose 2% between 1 990 and 1995. The increase from developing countries was three times that from developed countries. Middle East carbon dioxide emissions from burning of fossil fuels increased 35%, Africa increased 12%, and Eastern Europe increased rates by 75% from 1990-1995. The following pie chart gives the role of different major things in increasing the CO concentration in atmosphere: [pick] Methane Methane is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas. It is formed when plants decay and where there is very little air. It is often called swamp gas because it is abundant around water and swamps. Bacteria that breakdown organic tater in wetlands and bacteria that are found in cows, sheep, goats, buffalo, termites, and camels produce methane naturally. Since 1 750, methane has doubled, and could double again by 2050. Each year we add 350-500 million tons of methane to the air by raising livestock, coal mining, drilling for oil and natural gas, rice cultivation, and garbage sitting in landfills. It stays in the atmosphere for only 1 0 years, but traps 20 times more heat than carbon dioxide. Rice cultivation has developed into a large business; farmland has doubled in the past 45 years. It feeds 1/3 of the Worlds population. It grows mostly in looted fields, where bacteria in waterlogged soil releases methane. Livestock such as cows, sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, and termites release methane as well. Bacteria in the gut of the animal break down food and convert some of it to methane. When these animals belch, methane is released. In one day, a cow can emit h pound of methane into the air. Imagine 1. Billion cattle each burping methane several times per minute! Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide is another colorless greenhouse gas, however, it has a sweet odor . It is primarily used as an anesthetic because it deadens pain and for this characteristic is called laughing gas. This gas is released naturally from oceans and by bacteria in soils. Nitrous oxide gas risen by more than 15% since 1750. Each year we add 7-13 million tons into the atmosphere by using nitrogen based fertilizers, disposing of human and animal waste in sewage treatment plants, automobile exhaust, and other Sources not yet identified. It is important to reduce emissions because the nitrous oxide we release today will still be trapped in the atmosphere 100 years from now. Nitrogen based fertilizer use has doubled in the past 15 years. These fertilizers provide nutrients for crops; however, when they breakdown in the soil, nitrous oxide s released into the atmosphere. In automobiles, nitrous oxide is released at a much lower rate than carbon dioxide, because there is more carbon in gasoline than nitrogen. IF raccoons Fluorocarbons is a general term for any group of synthetic organic compounds that contain fluorine and carbon. Many of these compounds, such as chlorofluorocarbons(CIFS), can be easily converted from gas to liquid or liquid to gas. Because of these properties, CIFS can be used in aerosol cans, refrigerators, and air conditioners. Studies in the 1 sass showed that when CIFS are emitted into the atmosphere, they break down molecules in he Earths ozone layer (World Book). Since then, the use of CIFS has significantly decreased and they are banned from production in the United States. The substitute for CIFS are hydrocephaluss (Huffs). Huffs do not harm or breakdown the ozone molecule, but they do trap heat in the atmosphere, making it a greenhouse gas, aiding in global warming. Huffs are used in air conditioners and refrigerators. The way to reduce emissions of this gas is to be sure that in both devices the coolant is recycled and all leaks are properly fixed. Also, before throwing the appliances away, be sure to recover the coolant in each. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING ; Natural ; Man-made Natural Causes Natural causes are causes that are created by nature. One natural cause is a release of methane gas from arctic tundra and wetlands. Methane is a greenhouse gas and a very dangerous gas to our environment. A greenhouse gas is a gas that traps heat in the earths atmosphere. Another natural cause is that the earth goes through a cycle of climate change. This climate change usually lasts about 40,000 years. Some of the important causes are given below: Volcanic Eruptions Large volcanic eruptions can throw so much dust into the sky that the dust acts as a shield to solar radiation and causes a cooling trend in the atmosphere. You probably can t remember such an eruption as they are rare and infrequent occurrences. Sunspots Changes in the Earths solar radiation levels can have some impact on the Earth s climate. Increased solar activity can cause short-term warming cycles on the Earth. The Wobbly Earth As the Earth spins, it does not achieve perfect rotation. It actually wobbles slightly, thus alternately exposing the northern and southern latitudes to more and less solar radiation. This wobble in the Earths rotation has been causing changes in the temperature of the atmosphere for many millions of years. Ocean current changes Ocean current changes are also considered to be a natural cause of global warming, since the rise and fall of the current creates global change. Currents have a significant effect on heat changes around the earth. The effect of ocean current on heat changes, varies from region to region and this may be related to the rotation of the sun. Man-made Causes Man-made causes probably do the most damage. There are many man-made causes. Pollution is one of the biggest man-made problems. Pollution comes in many shapes and sizes. Burning fossil fuels is one thing that causes pollution. Fossil fuels are fuels made of organic matter such as coal, or oil. When fossil fuels are burned they give off a green house gas called CO. Also mining coal and oil allows methane to escape. Methane is naturally in the ground. When coal or oil is mined you have to dig up the earth a little. When you dig up the fossil fuels you dig up the methane as well. Another major man-made cause of Global Warming is population. More people means more food, and more methods of transportation, right? That means more methane because there will be more burning of fossil fuels, and more agriculture. Now your probably thinking, Wait a minute, you said agriculture is going to be damaged by Global Warming but now youre saying agriculture is going to help cause Global Warming? Well, have you ever been in a barn filled with animals and you smell something terrible? Youre smelling methane. Another source of methane is manure. Because more food is needed we have to raise food. Animals like cows are a source of food which means more manure and methane. Another problem with the increasing population is transportation. More people means more cars, and more cars means more pollution. Also, many people have more than one car. Since CO contributes to global warming, the increase in population makes the problem worse because we breathe out CO. Also, the trees that convert our CO to oxygen are being demolished because were using the land that we cut the trees down from as property for our homes and buildings. We are not replacing the trees (an important part of our CEO system), so we are constantly taking advantage of our natural resources and giving nothing back in return. CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL WARMING The effects, or impacts, of Global warming may be physical, ecological, social or economic. Physical impacts: The following are some of the physical impacts of the Global warming: Effects on weather Increasing temperature is likely to lead to increasing precipitation but the effects on storms are less clear. Extraterritorial storms partly depend on the temperature gradient, which is predicted to weaken in the northern hemisphere as the polar region warms more than the rest of the hemisphere. Let also affects Biochemicals cycles and hence disturb the ecological balance. Glacier retreat and disappearance It has been found that, on average, mountain glaciers and snow cover had decreased in both the northern and southern hemispheres. This widespread decrease in glaciers and ice caps has contributed to observed sea level rise. With very high or high confidence, numbers of predictions are made relating to future changes in glaciers: ; Mountainous areas in Europe will face glacier retreat ; In Latin America, changes in precipitation patterns and the disappearance of glaciers will significantly affect water availability for human consumption, agriculture, and energy production ; In Polar regions, there will be reductions in glacier extent and the thickness of glaciers. Temperature rise From 1 961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0. Co from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1 991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007. The temperature of the Antarctic Southern Ocean rose by 0. 17 Co (0. 31 OF) between the sass and the sass, nearly twice the rate for the worlds oceans as a whole. As well as having effects on ecosystems (e. G. By melting sea ice, affecting algae that grow on its underside), warming reduces the oceans ability to absorb CO. Socioeconomic scones ounces Socioeconomic impacts of global warming could be substantial depending on the actual temperature increases over the next century. Models predict that a net global warming of 1 to 3 Co (1. 8 to 5. 4 OF) beyond the late-20th-century global average would produce economic losses in some regions (particularly the tropics and high latitudes) and economic benefits in others. For warming beyond these levels, benefits would tend to decline and costs increase. For warming in excess of 4 Co (7. 2 OF), models predict that costs will exceed benefits on average, with global mean economic losses estimated between 1 and 5 percent of gross domestic product. Substantial disruptions could be expected under these conditions, specifically in the areas of agriculture, food and forest products, water and energy supply, and human health. Environmental consequences of global warming Global warming and climate change have the potential to alter biological systems. More specifically, changes to near-surface air temperatures will likely influence ecosystem functioning and thus the biodiversity of plants, animals, and other forms of life. The current geographic ranges of plant and animal species have been established by adaptation to long-term seasonal climate patterns. As global warming alters these patterns on timescales considerably shorter than those that arose in the past from natural climate variability, relatively sudden climatic changes may challenge the natural adaptive capacity of many species. It has been estimated that one-fifth to one-third of all plant and animal species are likely to be at an increased risk of extinction if global average surface temperatures rise another 1. 5 to 2. 5 Co (2. 7 to 4. 5 OF) by the year 2100. This temperature range falls within the scope of the lower emissions scenarios. Species-loss estimates climb to as much as 40 percent for a warming in excess of 4. Co (8. Level that could be reached in the Epics higher emissions scenarios. A 40 percent extinction rate would likely lead to major changes in the webs within ecosystems and have a destructive impact on ecosystem function. Other impacts include the destruction of many coastal wetlands, salt marshes, and mangrove swamps as a result of rising sea levels and the loss of certain rare and fragile habitats that are often home to specialist species that are unable to thrive in other environments. For example, certain amphibians limited to isolated tropical cloud forests either have become extinct already or are under serious wreath of extinction. Cloud forests-?tropical forests that depend on persistent condensation of moisture in the air-?are disappearing as optimal condensation levels move to higher elevations in response to warming temperatures in the lower atmosphere. STOPPING GLOBAL WARMING The biggest cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide released when fossil fuels such as oil and coal are burned for energy. So when you save energy, you fight global warming and save money, too. Here are some easy steps that you can take to help make a difference: Limit global warming pollution Raise your voice. Congress needs to enact new laws that cap carbon emissions and require polluters pay for the global warming gases that they produce. Send a message to your elected officials, letting them know that you will hold them accountable for what they do or fail to do about global warming. Green jobs and clean energy Choose renewable energy. Pick a Green-e-certified energy supplier that generates at least half of its power from wind, solar energy and other clean sources. If you dont have that option, look at your current electricity bill to see if you are able to support renewable energy in another way. For details, e Marcs guide to buying clean energy. Offset your carbon footprint. You can make up for your remaining carbon output by purchasing carbon offsets. Offsets represent clean power that you can add to the nations energy grid in place of power from fossil fuels. Not all offset companies are alike. See rouged to carbon offsets for tips on how to choose an offset supplier. Drive smarter cars Choose an efficient vehicle: High-mileage cars such as hybrids and plug-in hybrids use less gas and save money. Over its lifetime, a 40-MPEG car will save roughly $3,000 in fuel costs compared with a 20-MPEG car.

Biography of Elena Kagan

Biography of Elena Kagan Elena Kagan is one of nine  U.S. Supreme Court justices,  and only the fourth woman to hold a position on the nations highest court since its first session in 1790. She was nominated to the court in 2010 by then-President Barack Obama, who described her as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"one of the nation’s foremost legal minds.† The U.S. Senate confirmed her nomination later that year, making her the 112th justice to serve on the Supreme Court. Kagan replaced Justice John Paul Stevens, who had retired after 35 years on the court. Education Hunter College High School  in Manhattan, New York, class of 1977.Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey; she earned  a bachelors degree in history in 1981.Worcester College in Oxford, England; she earned a  master’s degree in philosophy in 1983.Harvard University Law School; she earned a law degree in 1986. Career in Academia, Politics and Law Before she took a seat on the Supreme Court, Kagan worked as a professor, an attorney in private practice and as solicitor general of the United States. She was the first woman to supervise the office that handles litigation for the federal government before the Supreme Court.   Here are Kagans career highlights 1986 to 1987: Law clerk for  Judge Abner Mikva of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Washington, D.C., Circuit.1988: Law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice  Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American to serve on the court.1989 to 1991: Associate attorney in the powerful Washington, D.C., law firm of Williams Connolly, which was co-founded by  Edward Bennett Williams, the legendary trial lawyer who represented the likes of John Hinckley Jr., Frank Sinatra, Hugh Hefner, Jimmy Hoffa and Joseph McCarthy.1991 to 1995: Assistant professor of law, then tenured professor of law, at the  University of Chicago  Law School.1995 to 1996: Associate counsel to President Bill Clinton.1997 to 1999: Deputy assistant to the president for domestic policy, and deputy director of the Domestic Policy Council under Clinton.1999 to 2001: Visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School.2001: Professor of law at  Harvard Law School, teaching  administrative law, constitutional law, civil pro cedure, and separation of powers theory. 2003 to 2009:  Dean of the Harvard Law School. 2009 to 2010: Solicitor general under President Barack Obama.2010 to current: Associated justice of the Supreme Court. Controversies Kagans tenure on the Supreme Court has been relatively free of controversy. Yes, even Supreme Court justice invite scrutiny; ask Justice Clarence Thomas, whose absolute silence during almost seven years of oral arguments baffled court observers, legal scholars and journalists. Justice Samuel Alito, one of the most conservative voices on the court,  has openly criticized his fellow members, particularly following the courts  landmark decision on same-sex marriage. And the late Justice Antonin Scalia, who was famous for his unrestrained opinions, once said homosexuality should be a crime. The biggest dustup surrounding Kagan was a request for her to recuse herself from consideration of a challenge to Obamas health care law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare for short. Kagans office of solicitor general under Obama had been on record as supporting the act in a legal proceeding. A group called Freedom Watch challenged Kagans judicial independence. The court declined to entertain the allegation. Kagans liberal personal beliefs and style of writing also came back to haunt her during her confirmation hearings. Conservative Republicans accused her of being unable to set aside her biases. In her memos to Justice Marshall as well as her work for Clinton, Kagan consistently wrote from her own perspective, prefacing her advice with I think and I believe and distinguishing her opinions from other members of Clintons White House team or from the presidents own opinions, said  Carrie Severino of the Conservative Judicial Crisis Network. Alabama Sen.  Jeff Sessions, a conservative Republican who would later serve in Donald Trumps administration, said: A troubling pattern has already emerged in Ms. Kagans record. Throughout her career, she has demonstrated a willingness to make legal decisions based not on the law but instead on her very liberal politics. As dean of the Harvard Law School, Kagan drew fire for her objection to having  military recruiters on campus because she believed the federal government policy that banned  openly gay individuals from serving in the military violated the universitys  anti-discrimination policy. Personal Life Kagan was born and raised in New York City; her mother was a school teacher and her father was an attorney. She is unmarried and has no children. 5 Important Quotes Kagan has not granted interviews with the news media, so court observers are left to scour her opinions, briefs and testimony during her confirmation hearings. Here are some select quotes on key issues. Sometimes you read these opinions and you think they must hate each other. Its just not true.  We have enormous respect for each other and a feeling that we are all operating in good faith. ... If you take this stuff personally, this is going to be a long life tenure. - Kagan speaking about the collegiality among the justices and the court, which she described as in some ways, the most intimate, warmest institution Ive participated in.â€Å"If you confirm me, you’ll be getting Justice Kagan. You won’t get Justice Marshall.† - Kagan defending herself against claims from Republican U.S. senators that she was a legal progressive, or judicial activist, during her confirmation hearings.The Supreme Court, of course, has the responsibility of ensuring that our government never oversteps its proper bounds or violates the rights of individuals. But the Court must also recognize the limits on itself and respect the choices made by the American people. - Kagan, explaining her philosophy of judicial restraint. All I can say about that paper is that it is dangerous to write papers about the law before youve spent a day in law school. I wrote that paper before I spent a day in law school. I was trying to think about whether to go to law school and I decided to write a paper about law in order to figure out whether I was interested in the subject... So I would just ask you to recognize that I didnt know a whole lot of law. - Kagan telling lawmakers to ignore a paper she wrote about justice who mold and steer the law.It means  Id have to get my hair done more often, Sen. Specter. Kagan replying to U.S. Sen. Arlen Specters question about allowing television cameras in U.S. Supreme Court arguments..

Plato Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plato - Research Paper Example They even shared a common philosophical belief. Stated otherwise, medieval philosophy was a combination of principles from the three societies—the Greek East, Jewish and the Islamic. On the part of Greek East influence, there were many philosophers who served as the instrument to spread its ideology. The first one to heed this call was Socrates, followed by Plato (student of Socrates) then continued by Aristotle (student of Plato). A chain of influence was seemingly transferred from one generation to the other. With regard to Plato, he was able to influence the Middle Ages by his dialogues and creation of an academy. His academy was the â€Å"first institution of higher learning in the Western world† (â€Å"Plato†). On the other hand, Plato’s dialogues were observed to be mere reiteration of his teacher’s philosophy. The dialogues tackled both social and political issues of societies. Notably, during the Middle Ages, there was a call for a deviation from the path of classical learning. It was the period between the Classical Age and Renaissance (Hines). Europe then experienced a change of ideology within its society. The body politic that was once focused on Classical principles was transformed into a community that longed for new avenues towards development. Learning was made open to everyone interested. An emphasis was made with regard to education. Plato’s idea on education was revived but with modifications. Education was not just made available to certain class of people. The strict application of principles was then abrogated. The European community believed that an open access to education is advantageous to all its members. As such, scholars were allowed to use varied methods to institute learning. Moreover, administration of education was not just limited to government authorities. Religious congregations especially those who believe in Christianity have made their own schools. This became the starting point of the establishment

Entrepreneurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entrepreneurs - Essay Example With the successes gathered by high level entrepreneurs who barely attained a high school education in preference of pursuing their life dreams in entrepreneurship, one concludes that their success was inborn due to their youth and relative inexperience. Research has shown that different aspects are central for one to become a successful entrepreneur. Tomczyk, Lee and Winslow (2012) portend that although personality and motivation (inborn characteristics) affects the entrepreneurial prowess, the factors are, in turn, influenced by adjustable factors such as physiology, family, culture and demographics. Skills and abilities also play a crucial role in the establishment of a successful entrepreneur. It is clear that successful entrepreneur combines both the inborn characteristics such as motivation and personality with gained traits such education and work. This affirms that entrepreneurs are both born and made. The personal attributes of creativity and risk-taking are excellent founda tions for a successful entrepreneur. However, strengthening them with education and experience makes a person stand a better chance of being successful. Otherwise, how would a person be successful if they do not combine both

Hindustan Unilever Ltd Essay Example for Free

Hindustan Unilever Ltd Essay Hindustan Unilever Limited, a fast moving consumer goods company, manufactures and sells home care, personal care, and food products in India and internationally. The company offers soaps, detergent bars, detergent powders, detergent liquids, scourers, etc.; and personal products, such as oral care, skin care, and hair care products, as well as deodorants, talcum powders, color cosmetic products, and Ayush health care and personal care products and services. It also offers packaged foods, such as atta, salt, bread, etc.; ice creams and frozen desserts; culinary products comprising tomato based products, fruit based products, soups, etc. ; and beverages, including tea and coffee. In addition, the company exports marine and leather products, as well as offers chemicals; Pureit in-home water purifiers; and salon services. It offers food products primarily under the Annapurna, Brooke Bond 3 Roses, Annapurna, Brooke Bond Red Label, Brooke Bond Taaza, Brooke Bond Taj Mahal, Bru, Kissan, Knorr, Kwality Wall’s, Lipton, Magic, Magnum, and Modern brand names; personal care products under the Aviance, Axe, Breeze, Clear, Clinic Plus, Closeup, Dove, ELLE 18, Fair Lovely, Hamam, Lakme, Lifebuoy, Liril 2000, Lux, Pears, Pepsodent, Ponds, Rexona, Sure, Sunsilk, TRESemmà ©, and Vaseline brand names; and home care products under the Active Wheel, Cif, Comfort Fabric Conditioner, Domex, Rin, Sunlight, Surf Excel, and Vim brand names. The company was formerly known as Hindustan Lever Limited and changed its name to Hindustan Unilever Limited in May 2007. Hindustan Unilever Limited was founded in 1931 and is based in Mumbai, India. As of July 4, 2013, Hindustan Unilever Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of Unilever plc. Many challenges for HULs new boss Cheap Flights from New Delhi to Toronto As low as Fares Have Reduced, Book Your Flight Now! Yatra.com www.Yatra.com Ads by Google Add to My Page Read more on: Hul | Fmcg | Mena | Hindustan Unilever | Sanjiv Mehta Nitin Paranjpe RELATED NEWS Diageo stirs USL in bid to shake Indian market Shreekant Sambrani: Gandhis truth Then and now ITC looks away from fairness for men in personal wash Cabinet to take up ordinance on convicted netas on Oct 2 Rahuls opinion well taken in party, govt: Cong SBI Life Insurance Plans 1 Cr Life Cover @ Rs 543* pm Only Save upto 50%, Get Free Quotes Now!www.policybazaar.com/Tax_Saving IDFC Mutual Fund Invest in a wide range of Funds. Meet an Advisor in Your City Now!www.idfcmf.com Ads by Google Sanjiv Mehta has cut himself an unusual career for a chartered accountant. Rather than move up the echelons of finance management, he was part of crisis management at his first employer, and then the commercial head of home and personal care products and, lately, chairman of MENA (Middle East and North Africa) for Unilever, the second-largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) company in the world. As he takes over as chief executive at Unilevers India arm, and the countrys largest FMCG company, Hindustan Unilever (HUL), on Tuesday, he will be the first to not have had a stint in Indian business before doing so. The current slowdown has not spared FMCG companies and though fortified on the back of an open offer and a reinforced supply chain, HUL has challenges of its own to battle. If not for these, all Mehta had to do was ensure continuity to ride out the gloom. However, he will now have to iron out creases at one of its bread and butter segments, skincare, at a time when HULs top brass drive on premiumisation is seeing resistance due to sobering consumer sentiment. Comparisons The company is different from the HUL in April 2008, when predecessor Nitin Paranjpe had taken over as CEO. Paranjpe, who joins the Unilever Leadership Executive, took on the role of president, home care, moved up the ranks in  laundry and home care and then personal care, right from being an area sales manager to being the executive director. He took the company out of the woods during the previous slowdown that India had faced. Jyothy Laboratories joint managing director, Ullas Kamath, says: Nitin breathed new life into HUL by doing away with power brands, increasing rural and semi-urban reach and, most important, building a team that worked hard, stayed together in the past five years. I wish Sanjiv all the best; he should strive to not undo what has been done so far. Another industry peer points to the internal changes under Paranjpes watch and what Mehta would do well to preserve: He brought Leena Nair on board and rehauled the human resources at HUL, with a young team which was answerable for bringing about results and members rotated every three years for a rounded experience. Various programmes also led to low-cost production and an extensive distribution in the hinterlands. It is like HUL is now on auto-pilot and process-driven in a way that people are more aware of the company than the man behind it, which is the mark of a leader. Observers are perhaps worried about the new CEO’s rallying skills because Paranjpe did it very well. One of Paranjpe’s peers and batchmates says, â€Å"HUL will have to be mindful of the drain of human capital to other organisations. ITC is also of a similar size but it does not suffer as much. Paranjpe knew the system and got the top people on his side. He was quiet. Rather than be visible outside like Banga (CEO before him), he was visible inside the organisation and, hence, could influence top guys more.† Mehta has not worked with the Indian team so far but taking over without rocking the boat at this time will be crucial. So far, in various interviews, he has spoken about empowering people and developing them. Nirmal Jain, chairman, India Infoline (IIFL), says: â€Å"Mehta will have to reinforce the strategy so far, so that the morale of his team remains high. He is from an emerging markets background, so he will understand the focus on market share, volume growth and spends on brands.† Challenges One of Paranjpe’s peers and batchmates says, â€Å"Mehta might need to reassure shareholders on not losing margins. He would have to think of ways in absorbing the pressure on volume growth in these times. One of these could be telling them that HUL would take a hit on volume but maintain margins since it can afford to do so.† IIFL’s Jain wants Mehta to focus on innovation and relaunches. Nikhil Vora, managing director at IDFC, says: â€Å"Paranjpe has been able to restrict market share losses and even grow in some categories. But the biggest challenge remains the absence of a funnel of new products, especially because its core categories are only expected to grow weaker.† Jain says going into a service-led business of water purifiers rather than sell bottled water amounts to HUL playing in a niche category, whereas it is better geared to succeed in mass segments. The clamour for innovation can also be linked to how one of HUL’s erstwhile blockbusters has run into trouble of late. Fair and Lovely, a Rs 1,500-crore brand in personal care, a segment that contributes nearly 30 per cent to HULs revenue, is in a category (fairness) which is not growing. â€Å"It shows a consumer disconnect with the brand,† says Vora. Food remains a challenge. Analysts like Vora point to a lack of investment in the category. â€Å"It has been historically coy with introducing innovation in snacks, foods and dairy. These are categories in which its competition has been active with innovation. It needs to get into these categories to stay formidable in the years to come.† Ahead In his Bangladesh stint, Mehta was known to take risks and alter the operating style to turn around a troubled loss-making business, in two and a half years. He is also aware of the cultures in Southeast Asia and West Asia. In his first job with Union Carbide, he was part of the crisis management team after the Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 and remained till 1992  before joining Unilever in Dubai. Nitin Mathur, consumer research analyst with Espirito Santo Securities, says: â€Å"North Africa due to its proximity with markets in Europe has about 80-90 per cent media penetration and a greater presence of modern trade than India.† While Bangladesh and West Asia not only boast of Indian expats but also media habits that are similar to India. Mehta’s succeeding Paranjpe is reminiscent of the latter’s ascension in the downturn of 2008. However, at that time the FMCG sector was not hit and 2010-11 saw a boom. Will Mehta’s emerging market exposure stand him in good stead now?

American Women Liberation :: essays research papers

Did WW II Liberate American Women?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War II did liberate American Woman .After pearl harbor,in fact , employers openly encouraged women to join the industrial labor pool.By 1947, 37 percent of all adult in United States were inwork force.Married women represented over 70 percented of the increase in female employees,a significant shift away from traditional patterns in which the vast majority of working women had been young and single.It has also been criticized that they lost their job right after the war was ended. But not all of them lost their jobs. Lots of them who desired to continue to work held their positions safe.As they had already paved their way towards employment, it wasn't difficult for them to work in different places they haven't woked before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most significant change that WW II brought in American Women is the end of sex segregation in work force.Prior, they were allowed to do some so called female jobs and live life as housewives. But during world war II they were employed in different manufacturing jobs and the work they performed challanged prevailing definition of womanhood.Black women were able to benifit more from WW II. Before the war the majority of black women were relegated to the whte woman's kitchen.In 1940, two-third of employed black women worked as domestic in LA. By 1950, this proportion dropped to 40% and was accompained by an increase of black women in durable maufacturing.Different criticism had been made that women had to quit their jobs to make space available for men who returned from the war. But the war had changed the perspective of nature of work that women were into before the war.The war had women more freedom than they had ever had before.

Manila Water Company Essay

?The true value of water is realized only when there is lack of it. It’s also why this is often taken for granted; water is so much a part of our everyday lives that the concept of not having it is too overwhelming. Unfortunately, this was once a way of life those Metro Manila residents faced every day. Before 1997, the capital’s water supply and distribution was in disarray. Communal water sources were shared by hundreds of families who had to line up for hours just to get a few pails for the day’s use. Illegal connections ran rampant, draining these water sources even more. Clean and potable water was a luxury which poor families simply did not have, and that others had to acquire at a steep price. Needless to say, the morale was low among Metro Manila’s residents. In 1995, this situation prompted the Philippine government to enact the National Water Crisis Act, which turned over the operation of water services from the government-owned Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) to the private sector. The Ayala-led Manila Water Company took over the East Zone of Metro Manila, 40% of the capital city, under a 25-year concession agreement; this granted the company exclusive rights to the use of land and facilities for the production, treatment and distribution of water, as well as the rights to operate the sewerage system. By accepting this task, Manila Water took upon itself the responsibility of making millions of lives better. Business Sustainability Manila Water formally took over operations for the East Zone in 1997. This is comprised of Pasig, Taguig, Makati, Mandaluyong, Cubao & Balara (Quezon City), Marikina, San Juan and Antipolo-Rizal. All of these suffered from crippling water loss problems, and resorted to buying water from sources that charged ten to twenty times more than the normal cost. Manila Water began its rehabilitation plan by connecting these areas effectively. Water pipes were added and repaired, and illegal connections were thoroughly acted upon and remedied. A laboratory was established to ensure that the water delivered is consistently clean and drinkable straight out of the tap. Reservoirs were improved upon to ensure that water will be available in case of emergencies. Sewer lines and wastewater operations increased and was subsequently treated and rehabilitated. As water connections improved, so did the stability of the business; and this allowed the company to offer its water and wastewater services to areas outside Metro Manila. Now, Manila Water has established water and wastewater service partnerships in Laguna, Pampanga, Boracay and Cebu, as well as international ventures with Vietnam. The company is now internationally recognized through its corporate governance efforts as well as its business stability, as a proud example of success through the Filipino values of diligence and ingenuity. Social Responsibility Manila Water’s rehabilitation program was driven by a single principle: care for the customer. The company divided the East Zone into business areas, assigning Territory Managers and Customer Care specialists for each; its sole purpose is to understand the customer’s water concerns and to respond to these directly and efficiently. Of the 6 million residents in the East Zone, 1. 7 million come from impoverished families who cannot apply for water connections simply because they have no land they can call their own. To address this, Manila Water established the â€Å"Tubig Para Sa Barangay† (TPSB) program in 1998. Assisted by both government and non-government organizations, the company eased land title requirements for these communities, and provided them water services that are 1/3 of the normal cost. For the first time, these families could go about their lives without worrying about water ever again. Manila Water sustained this effort by establishing partners, or kasanggas among community and barangay leaders. By empowering these stakeholders as being directly responsible for the welfare of their community, key issues like sanitation, health, and livelihood due to water supply was discussed and tackled decisively. A memorable example was 2009’s Typhoon Ondoy disaster, where Manila Water and their kasanggas braved the storm to save lives and provided potable water to its victims almost immediately. Advocacy for the Environment Before Manila Water took over, a lesser-recognized, yet equally important victim suffered as well; the environment. With only 3% of homes connected to sewers, wastewater from toilets, sinks, and waterways had only two places to go: poorly-maintained residential septic tanks, or Metro Manila’s rivers and bodies of water. The company acted quickly to counter these environmental threats. Wastewater treatment plants were built and established among Metro Manila’s riverbanks and crucial areas, where this water would be treated and returned to the rivers clean and capable of supporting marine life. Septic tank desludging was introduced as a service to customers, allowing them to proactively schedule accordingly. The Lakbayan tour, a free walking tour of the company’s water and wastewater sites, allows anyone to single-handedly experience how the environment is key to the company’s efforts. This 2012, the Toka Toka campaign is launched, the first-ever wastewater campaign in the country. This aims to get people directly involved in preserving the environment by doing its own part in waste segregation, and preventing this waste from reaching the rivers. This movement will be supported government, non-government, and private organizations, making it one of the biggest environmental campaigns ever. After 15 years of service, Manila Water remains dedicated to its customers and the environment, as it gears toward a clean, clear, and sustainable future for everyone. Our vision is to become a leader in the provision of water, wastewater and other environmental services which will empower people, protect the environment, and enhance sustainable development. Sustainability Policy  Manila Water puts a very high premium on sustainable development and as much as practicable, integrates its principles into its business processes. Manila Water believes that the continued sustainability of its business is dependent on the communities that it serves and the environment that supports its resources. This policy is consistent with the Company’s values in promoting corporate social responsibility. With this in mind, the Company will be able to address the needs of the communities, the environment and the economy, without sacrificing quality.

Counselling Psychology Essay

During the history of psychology and counselling a wide range of attitudes and approaches have been developed in order to provide individuals with the ability to explore his or her inner world through varied strategies and modes of interaction. The aim was to increase the level of awareness as well as the level of motivation and changes (Sarnoff, 1960). According to Stefflre & Burks (1979), Counselling doesn’t just occur between two people, â€Å"it denotes a professional relationship between a trained counsellor and a client. This relationship is usually person-to-person, although it may sometimes involve more than two people†, it also focuses upon the stimulation of personal development in order to maximize personal and social effectiveness and to forestall psychologically crippling disabilities (p.14). For this assignment the Psychoanalytic Theoretical approach to Counselling will be examined, along with its theorist Sigmund Freud and the therapeutic techniques assoc iated with this theoretical approach. Before one can begin to explore techniques of psychoanalysis, it is important to briefly review Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the developmental personality and his stages of psychological development. Psychoanalytic theory and its practice originated in the late nineteenth century in the work of Sigmund Freud. According to Sarnoff (1960), psychoanalytic theory is considered to be the historical foundation of therapy. It describes the â€Å"mechanisms of ego defence which serve to protect the individual against external and internal threat† it also offers a distinctive way of thinking about the human mind and how it responds to psychological distress (p. 251). This theory has evolved into a complex, multifaceted and internally fractured body of knowledge situated at the interface between the human and natural sciences, clinical and counselling practice and academic theory. Therefore the term psychoanalysis refers to both Freud’s original attempt at providing a comprehensive theory of the mind and also the associated treatment (Wachtel & Messer, 1997, p.39-42). Freud viewed human nature as dynamic, that is, he believed in the transformation and exchange of energy withi n the personality. These dynamic concepts consist of instincts, libido, cathexis, anticathexis and anxiety and are related to the way one distributes psychic energy (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007). In attempting to account for why human beings behave as they do, Freud invented the topographic and structural models of personality. The topographical model or â€Å"iceberg† of the mind was intended to help analysts understand how patients repress wishes, fantasies, and thoughts. In the topographical model, the mind is divided into conscious, preconscious, and unconscious systems (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.443-445). The conscious system includes all that we are subjectively aware of in our minds. The preconscious includes material that we are capable of becoming aware of, but do not happen to be aware of currently. According to Freud (as cited in Passer & Smith, 2007, p.444), the metaphor of â€Å"the psyche is like an iceberg† was proposed. Like an actual iceberg only the upper ten percent of it is visible or conscious and the rest is submerged and unseen below the water’s surface. So likewise, most human behaviour results from unconscious motivation, hence the unconscious system includes material that we have defensively removed from our awareness by means of repression and other defence mechanisms. So when unconscious materials attempt to enter the conscious level, a â€Å"censor† function (repression) pushes it back or lets it through in a disguised form (Ewen, 1992). As a result, counsellors try to move unconscious material to the preconscious and then to the conscious mind, to increase the patient’s self-awareness. With this model Freud realized that their was certain explanatory limitations, such as the model’s inability to account for certain forms of psychopathology and as a result developed an alternative that explained normal and abnormal personality development. This alternative is known as the structural model (Brammer, Shostrum & Abrego, 1989). According to Freud (as cited in Gladding, 2000, p.187-188), the structural model for psychoanalysis consists of three psychic structures the id, ego and superego, which differ in terms of power and influence. These parts symbolise the different aspects of a person’s personality. The id and superego are confined to the unconscious and the ego operates mainly in the conscious but also interacts with the preconscious and unconscious of the topographical model. The id which develops within the next three years of an individual’s life is the source of ones motivation, and includes sexual and aggressive drives. Sigmund Freud’s theory believed that both the sexual and aggressive drives are powerful determinants of why people act as they do; it involves an analysis of the root cause or causes of behaviour and feelings by exploring the unconscious mind and the conscious mind’s rel ation to it. This id demands the satisfaction of the antisocial instincts and obeys an inexorable ‘pleasure principle’. The id is viewed as not having any logic, values or ethics, for example the id wants whatever feels good at a certain time (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007). Therefore Freud saw that it was urgent to control the pleasure principle and he postulated that there must be a ‘super-ego’ to control the id. The ego can be viewed as the executive of personality; it consists of a group of mechanisms such as reality-testing, judgment and impulse control. It incorporates these techniques so it is able to control the demands of the id and of other instincts, becoming aware of stimuli, and serving as a link between the id and the external world (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). As an individual’s ego develops so does the perception of reality and a wider view beyond, the pleasures of subjective gratification, is attained. Therefore the pleasure principle that was devel oped by Freud was replaced by the reality principle (Garcia, 1995). As described by the psychoanalytic theory, the psychological conflict that the ego faces, in respect to dealing with the demands of the superego and the id, is an intrinsic and pervasive part of human experience. For example, if an individual is under pressure and the balance is tipped too far towards one element, thus creating excessive anxiety, the ego is forced to take extreme measures to relieve the pressure, by incorporating what is know as defence mechanisms (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.444-445). These principle defences consists of repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, regression, rationalization, denial and identification, these are used to defend the ego and are known in therapy as denial or repression. Therefore the way in which a person characteristically resolves the instant gratification versus longer-term reward dilemma, in many ways comes to reflect on their â€Å"character† (Kleep, 2008). In contrast to the id is the superego, which is developed at around age five. It is the internalized representation of the traditional values, ideas and moral standards of society and strives for perfection (Pervin et al., 2005). Counsellors who use the structural model commonly focus on helping patients handle conflicts that occur between these three mental agencies by assessing the level of functioning of the client’s id, ego, and superego, the specific areas of weakness and strength in each (Garcia, 1995). For example, counsellors usually diagnose a patient as psychotic if his or her ego suffers a severe impairment in reality-testing. Freud believed that human social and personality development occurs through his psychoanalytic theory of development. This theory consists of five stages the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. These are characterized by a dominant mode of achieving libidinal pleasure and by specific development tasks. An individual’s personality according to Freud has been shaped by the age of five and he believes this tim e is the most critical for an individual (Hergenhahn & Olson). During these years if an individual is able to successfully negotiate these stages, then healthy personality develops. However, if through â€Å"over-gratification† or â€Å"under-gratification†, conflicts are not resolved adequately specific traits and characters develop and continue through to adulthood. Therefore, Freud believed that the three early stages of development often brought individuals to counselling because there were not properly resolved (Pervin et al., 2005). According to Gladding (2000),†Counsellors who work psychoanalytically should understand at which stage a client is functioning because the stages are directly linked to the plan of treatment† (p.189). Children experience conflicts in different stages of development. In each stage, conflict centers on a different theme. In Freud’s oral sensory stage, which occurs from birth to one year, conflict at this point centers on feeding. Children in this stage want to eat things that the Ego tells them is not good for them. Freud believed that some individuals do not pass this stage successfully and remained dependent and overly optimistic. Such people also find it hard to make intimate friends with others and fear loss which may be accompanied by ‘greed’ (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.443-445). Individuals who are considered to have an oral personality are usually narcissistic which means according to the DSM IV-TR â€Å"enduring pattern[s] of inner experience and behaviour† that are sufficiently rigid and deep-seated to bring a person into repeated conflicts with his or her social and occupational environment† (Barlow & Durand, 2005, p.445). In other words the individual is characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, need for admiration, extreme self-involvement, and lack of empathy for others. However, this disorder is only diagnosed when these behaviours become persistent and very disabling or distressing (Barlow & Durand, 2005). In the second stage which is known as t he anal stage and occurs in the second year of life, conflict centers on bowel training. In counseling this stage involves two phases, one is an aggressive phase. This allows the client to share information that was stored up. The other phase is the retentive phase, where clients may hold on to their negative beliefs and attitudes until they are ready to release them. The reason for such behavior by clients is because they may find some pleasure in resisting and withholding this information (Garcia, 1995). The controversial â€Å"Oedipal complex† for boys or â€Å"Electra complex† for girls occurs in the phallic stage and happens around three to five years. This stage is seen by counselors as the phase of initiation and transition. According to Garcia (1995), â€Å"Counselors may act as initiators by providing appropriately challenging experiences within the scope of each individual’s potential for mastery† (p.499). Freud proposed children at this stage compete with the same sex parent for the affection of the opposite sex parent for example boys desire to have their mother but are prevented by the presence of their father (see Appendix 1). Fear of punishment forces repression of such desires and consequently the superego is developed. To unsuccessfully go through this stage is believed to be associated with obsessive compulsive behaviours (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.446-447). Psychoanalysts pointed out several reasons why the Oedipal complex seem unreal to individuals. Firstly, individuals are unable to comprehend their own Oedipal complex when they were children and what was comprehended was energetically repressed almost as soon as individuals became aware of it. Secondly, individuals gradually accept their culture’s perception for their sexual and aggressive life (Klepp, 2008). In the Caribbean for example boys have more freedom than girls and they learn that they must become like their father, who is stereotypically aggressive, ambitious, powerful, and in direct contrast to his mother, who is stereotypically passive, obedient and nurturing and according to societal norms girls should also possess such traits. T herefore because of societal perspectives on an individual’s life, it is considered as the norm and is accepted for a man to possess more than one female. However it is unorthodox and frowned upon for females to behave in this manner. The fourth stage which is known as the Latency occurs from age six years until puberty. In this stage sexual instincts are repressed and superego is fully developed. At this time clients may be initiating and cultivating new and transitional alliances outside of the helping relationship (Garcia, 1995). The fifth and last stage which is known as the genital stage begins with puberty and continues for the rest of adult life. Mature sexuality is the theme of this stage. This stage is also known as the definitive phase of the counseling process and marks the end of the counseling process and the beginning of its outcome which would be demonstrated over time (Garcia, 1995). Freud suggested strongly that personality was essentially established when the Oedipus and Electra complexes were successfully resolved (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007, p.40-43). Patients usually get in contact with a psychoanalytic counsellor when defences have failed and anxiety has developed. Therefore, the primary goal of counselling, within a psychoanalytic frame of reference, is to make the unconscious conscious. By doing so any material that is repressed is brought to the conscious level and can be dealt with (Wachtek & Messer, 1997). According to Freud (as cited in, Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005, p. 74-82), unhealthy individuals are unaware of the many factors that cause their behaviour and emotions and as a result these unconscious factors have the potential to produce unhappiness, which in turn is expressed through a score of distinguishable symptoms, including disturbing personality traits, difficulty in relating to others and disturbances in self-esteem or general disposition. The counsellor employs a variety of techniques to tap into a patient’s unconscious such as free association, dream analysis, analysis of transference, analysis of resistance and interpretation. All these methods have the long-term goal of strengthening the ego (Gladding, 2000, p.192-194). Free association is a method that replaced hypnosis in Freud’s therapy. It consists of a patient speaking about any subject matter one basically abandons his or her customary conscious control over one’s behaviour and gives free verbal expression to every thought, feeling or impulse of which one becomes aware. Conclusions are then based on what was said and by doing this the counsellor is hoping that the client will abandon all normal forms of censoring, or editing their thoughts (Rieber, 2006). An example of the use of free association is lying on a couch, in dim light and in a peaceful room, the patient produces the following free association: â€Å"I am thinking of the fluffy clouds I seem to see with my very eyes. They are white and pearly. The sky is full of clouds but a few azure patches can still be seen here and there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ewen, 1992, p.57). Colby (1960) pointed out that, this technique often leads to some recollection of past experiences and at times a release of intense feelings such as catharsis that have been blocked but resistance may occur during free association (p.54-58).. This means that the patient is unable to recall traumatic past events. Therefore, one task of the counsellor would be to overcome resistance. Blocking or disruptions in associations serve as cues to anxiety arousing material. According to Grà ¼nbaum (1986), free association is not a valid method of accessing the patients’ repressed memories because there is no way of ensu ring that the analyst is capable of distinguishing between the patients’ actual memories and imagined memories constructed due to the influence of the analyst’s leading questions (p. 226). Another type of technique that is related to free association is transference. Pervin et al., (2005) stated that, â€Å"transference refers to a patient’s development of attitudes towards the counsellor based on attitudes held by that patient toward earlier parental figures† (p.129). In other words it is the client’s unconscious shifting to the counsellor of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the patient’s past and present (Stefflre & Burks, 1979). This process is encouraged by the client reclining vulnerably on a couch, with the counsellor out of sight and remaining a â€Å"blank slate† as much as possible. At this time a parent child relationship is developed among client and counsellor and therefore transfers the patient’s old emotions with his or her actual parents unto the counsellor. This makes for an extremely difficult situation in which the counsellor has a huge amount of influence, which is necessary but requires care and restraint (Sue & Sue, 2007). Freud initially believed transference was a hurdle in counselling. However, he eventually recognized that transference is a universal phenomenon and also occurs outside of the counselling session. But in order for the counselling section to produce change the transference relationship must be work through. Work through occurs after transference in the case of most learning, the insights gained through psychoanalytic counselling must be practiced to integrate them in one’s life. It other words it allows the client to understand the influence of the past on his or her present situation, to accept it emotionally as well as intellectually, and to use the new understanding to make changes in present life. By doing this the client will also learn to avoid repressing the material (Schaeffer, 1998; Ewen, 1992). Ewen (1992) pointed out, several disadvantages to the transference technique. Firstly, this technique can not be effectively applied to group counselling. Secondly, â€Å"it is possible for the transference to become extremely negative as when powerful distrust or obstinacy is displaced from a castrating parent to counsellor† and the counsellor must be very careful not to aggravate deserved love or hate which would give the client a valid excuse for refusing to recognise and learn from the transference technique (p.59). Warwar & Greenberg (2000) discussed recent changes in psychoanalytic theory. Rather than presenting a problem, countertransference currently is considered to be a fundamental, useful component of the psychoanalytic counselling process, because it provides the counsellor with useful information about the counselling relationship (p.571-600). Countertransference occurs when the counsellor begins to project his or her own unresolved conflicts unto the client. While transference of the client’s conflicts unto the counsellor is considered a healthy and normal part of psychoanalytic counselling, the counsellor’s job is to remain neutral as not to breech any of the ethical codes of counselling (Rosenberger & Hayes, 2002). Individuals are seen as being motivated by their past and present relationships, rather than by biological urges when this technique is in use, therefore the counselling relationship is seen as real. Thus client’s behaviour is not seen primarily as transference, but as responses in a current relationship. In addition, change is understood to be the result of the constructive emotional experience of the counselling relationship, rather than the result of insight. This new emphasis on the reality and importance of this type of relationship appears to be integrated into other approaches to counselling as well (Sue & Sue, 2007). Some criticisms of countertransference are that it can be damaging if not proper ly managed. With proper monitoring, however, some sources show that counter-transference can play an important role. Counsellors are encouraged to pay close attention to their feelings in respect to this technique, and to seek peer review and supervisory guidance as needed. Rather than eliminating counter-transference altogether, the goal is to use those feelings productively rather than harmfully (Schaeffer, 1998). The basic method of psychoanalysis is interpretation. Brammer, Shostrum & Abrego (1989) states, â€Å"interpretation is an attempt by the counsellor to impart meaning to the client. Interpretation means presenting the client with a hypothesis about relationships or meanings among his or her behaviours† (p.175). In psychoanalytic counselling the counsellor is silent as much as possible, in order to encourage the patient’s free association and to interpret resistances and repressions that the client has not yet understood, but is capable of tolerating and incorporating, s o as to better understand the unconscious conflicts that are interfering with daily functioning, such as phobias and depression (Clark, 1995). Interpretations by the counsellor appear to be the critical variable in counselling success, along with client insight about underlying motivations, in order to achieve client goals. Therefore the goal of interpretation is to enable the ego to assimilate new material and to speed up the process of uncovering further unconscious materials (Wachtel & Messer, 1997). According to Clark (1995) Interpretation was rejected by critics as a valid technique because, â€Å" it was perceived as undermining the counsellors relationship, minimizing or subverting client responsibility and restricting the counselling process to an intellectual endeavour† (p.486). Freud (as cited in Passer & Smith, 2007, p.170-172) saw dreams as the major source of insight into the unconscious and as very important. Dreams are seen as the â€Å"royal road to the unconscious† and are not literal in nature but symbolic. Dreams also consist of two levels of content the latent and manifest. Dream Analysis is a very imperfect science, as there are many levels of distortion between the patient’s unconscious and the counsellor’s interpretation, bearing in mind, according to Freud, dreams are interpreted in terms of phallic meanings (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007). For example it is amazing how many ordinary items can be interpreted as being a penis such as chair legs or a vagina such as purses. Each fragment of a dream leads quickly to the disclosure of unconscious memories and fantasies and then unto associations of other topics. Another technique that is involved in the psychoanalytic process of counselling is Analysis of resistance. Although a client may feel the need to change and truly desire help for themselves through the counsellor many things can enter the picture to alter this change; these things are referred to as resistance. Resistance refers to any idea, attitude, feelings or action which can be conscious or unconscious that fosters the status quo and gets in the way of change. For example: missed or being late for appointments, rambling on about the economy or politics, any type of distraction that seems to keep the client from actually focusing on the real issues is considered resistance (Sue & Sue, 2007,p.98). According to Gladding â€Å"a counsellor’s analysis of resistance can assist clients gain insight to their situation and other behaviours (p.193). Psychoanalytic theory has been applied to counselling in terms of the assessment of personality. This theory is the underlining factor of the performance based or projective tests used in psychoanalytic counselling. These assessments assist counsellors in the analysis of individuals’ unconscious thoughts, motives, feelings, conflicts and repressed problems from early childhood. These types of test generally have an unstructured response format, meaning that respondents are allowed to respond as much or as little as they like (free association) to a particular test stimulus, which is normally ambiguous (Pervin et al., 2005). The most common type of test used in this area includes the Rorschach Inkblot test. This test is a method used in psychological evaluation; it can be administered to children as young as three, adolescents and adults. This assessment tries to probe the unconscious minds of clients. The counsellor will show the subject a series of ten irregular but symmetrical inkblots and ask the client to identify the inkblot. As the patient is examining the inkblots the counsellor writes down everything the patient says or does, no matter how trivial the subject’s responses. These responses are then analysed in various ways noting not only what was said but the time taken to respond and which aspect of the drawings was focused on. At this time if a client consistently sees the images as threatening and frightening the counsellor might infer that the subject may be suffering from paranoia. Major criticisms of this test include a lack or reliability and validity. Individuals who benefit the most from psychoanalytic counselling are those middle aged clients who are searching for a meaning to life (Pervin et al., 2005). The principal concepts of psychoanalytic counselling can be grouped as structural, dynamic, and developmental concepts. This theory is a method for learning about the mind and insights into whatever the human mind produces. It is a way of understanding the processes of everyday mental functioning and the stages of development (Sue & Sue, 2007). Freud’s approach is subject to several criticisms. Firstly, it is too time consuming, expensive and generally ineffective to those who seek help from a psychoanalytic counsellor who has less disruptive developmental or situational problems and disorders. Secondly, techniques involved in psychoanalysis, such as Freud’s ideas on the interpretation of dreams and the role of free association, have been criticized. For instance, one counsellor may observe one phenomenon and interpret it one way, whereas another counsellor will observe the same phenomenon and interpret it in a completely different way that is contradictory to the first psychoanalyst’s interpretation (Stefflre & Burks, 1979). Despite the weaknesses of psychoanalysis, there are many strengths of the theory that are extremely significant. It offers an empathetic and non-judgemental environment where the client can feel safe in revealing feelings or actions that have led to stress or tension in his or her life. It also lends itself to empirical studies and provides a theoretical base support for a number of diagnostic tests (Gladding, 2000, p.194-195).Therefore, the psychoanalysis is a theory that should not be disregarded. Although it was developed a long time ago it is still applicable and an effective method of treating mental disorders such as paranoia, schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive reactions in today’s societies. In addition, a good theory, according to many philosophers of science, is falsifiable, able to be generalized, leads to the development of new psychological theories and hypotheses. Psychoanalysis meets many of these criteria (Klepp, 2008). References Barlow,D., & Durand, V. (2005). Abnormal psychology: An integrative Approach (4th Ed). Belmont: Wadsworth. Brammer, L.M., Shostrum, E. L., & Abrego, P. J. (1989). Therapeutic psychology: Fundamentals of Counseling and psychotherapy (5th Ed). Prentice Hall. Clark, J. A, (1995). An examination of the technique of interpretation in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73 (5), 483-489. Colby, K. M. (1960). An Introduction to psychoanalytic research (1st Ed). New York: Basic. Ewen, B. R. (1992). An Introduction to theories of personality (4th Ed). Psychology Press. Garcia, L. J, (1995). Freud’s psychosexual stage conception: A developmental metaphor for counsellors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73 (5), 498-502. Gladding, T. S, (2000). Counseling: A Comprehensive profession (4th Ed). Prentice Hall, Inc Grà ¼nbaum, A. (1986). Prà ©cis of The foundations of psychoanalysis: A philosophical critique. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 217-284. Hergenhahn, R., & Olson, H. M (2007). An Introduction to Theories of Personality (7th Ed). Pearson Prentice Hall. http://myauz.com/ianr/articles/lect3freud07.pdf. Retrieved October 19th, 2009. Klepp, L. (2008). Meetings of the mind. The weekly standard, 13(42), 29-31 Passer, W. M., & Smith, E. R. (2007). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior (3rd Ed). McGraw Hill. Pervin, A. L., Cervone, D., & John, P. O. (2005). Personality Theory and Research (Eds). John Wiley. Rieber, W. R. (2006), The Bifurcation of the self: the history and theory of dissociation and its Disorders (1st Ed). Springer. Rosenberger, W. E., & Hayes, A. J. (2002). Therapist as subject: A review of empirical countertransference literature. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80 (3), 264- 270 Sarnoff, I. (1960). Psychoanalytic Theory and social attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24(2), 251-279. Schaeffer, A. J. (1998). Transference and countertransference interpretations : Harmful or helpful in short-term dynamic therapy?. American journal of psychotherapy , 52 (1), 1- 17. Stefflre, B., & Burks, M. H (1979). Theories of Counselling (3rd Ed). McGraw-Hill. Sue, D., & Sue, M. D (2007). Foundations of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Evidence based practices for a diverse society (1st Ed ). John Wiley & Sons. Wachtel, L. P., & Messer, B. S. (1997).Theories of Psychotherapy Origins and Evolution (1st Ed). American Psychological Association. Warwar, S. & Greenberg, L. S. (2000). Advances in theories of change and counseling: Handbook of Counselling psychology (3rd Ed). New York: Wiley and Sons.